The Fifth Dalai Lama – Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso (1617–1682)
The Fifth Dalai Lama – Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso (1617–1682)
Born in 1617 in Chongye, southern Tibet, to Dudul Rabten and Kunga Lhanzi, he was recognized early as the reincarnation of the Fourth Dalai Lama. He entered monkhood at Drepung Monastery under the guidance of the Third Panchen Lama, Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen, receiving the name Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso.
By the time of his enthronement in 1638, Tibet faced considerable political unrest. In 1642, Gushri Khan of the Qoshot Mongols unified Tibet under one banner and handed authority to the Fifth Dalai Lama, who was formally installed as head of state in Shigatse’s Samdrubtse Palace. There, he established the Gaden Phodrang government, a centralized system that harmonized spiritual leadership with secular governance – Tibet’s first such model since the time of the Religious Kings.
In 1645, he commissioned the construction of the Potala Palace atop Lhasa’s Red Hill, the site of King Songtsen Gampo’s former fortress. Though completed after his death, the Potala became the seat of the Dalai Lamas and the center of Tibetan government, symbolizing the fusion of spiritual and political authority.
The Fifth Dalai Lama was also a skilled diplomat. In 1652, he made a historic journey to Beijing to meet the Qing Emperor Shunzhi. Their meeting, held on equal terms, affirmed the Dalai Lama’s sovereign status and strengthened Tibet’s diplomatic presence in the region. The emperor recognized his moral authority and sought his help in managing Mongol affairs.
Before his death in 1682 at age 65, the Fifth Dalai Lama entrusted his regent, Desi Sangye Gyatso, to complete the Potala Palace and keep his death secret until its construction was finished – ensuring continuity in Tibetan leadership and legacy.
His contributions defined the institution of the Dalai Lama for generations to come.
A 17th-century mural at Samye Monastery depicts the Fifth Dalai Lama flanked by Mongol chief Gushri Khan (left) and his regent Depa Sonam Rapten (right), who served until 1642.
In 1642, at Samdrubtse Palace in Shigatse, Gushri Khan of the Qoshot Mongols formally handed over temporal authority to the Fifth Dalai Lama, unifying Tibet under one central government. This marked the founding of the Gaden Phodrang Government – a system that merged spiritual and political leadership, reviving centralized rule not seen since the era of Tibet’s early kings.
The Fifth Dalai Lama, Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso, with previous incarnations. Central Tibet, 18th century. Courtesy: Rubin Museum of Art.
Thangka painting of the Fifth Dalai Lama featuring key episodes from his life. Central Tibet, 18th century. Courtesy: Rubin Museum of Art.
In 1652, the Fifth Dalai Lama visited Beijing to meet the Manchu Emperor Shunzhi. Their diplomatic exchange, conducted on equal footing, affirmed the Dalai Lama’s sovereign status and enhanced Tibet’s relationship with the Qing Empire.
Tibetan government officials in Ringyen ceremonial dress. The Fifth Dalai Lama revived this tradition, with origins tracing back to the time of Tibet’s three great Dharma kings. Courtesy: Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford.
